Overheating caused by the buildup of scale or deposits formed by these impurities can lead to catastrophic tube failures, costly production losses, and unscheduled downtime. Ionic impurities can seriously affect the reliability and operating efficiency of a boiler or process system. Positively charged ions are called cations negatively charged ions are called anions. All natural waters contain, in various concentrations, dissolved salts which dissociate in water to form charged ions.
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